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Links between environment and security are an issue of heated debate in the academic community. This report looks at the role of environmental factors in increasing stress over a specific region of Central Asia, the East Caspian Sea shore of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.

Traditionally, notion of security has primarily been conceived in terms of neutralizing military threats to the territorial integrity and political independence of the state. However, in recent years, there has been increasing emphasis placed on expanding the traditional concept of security to include non-conventional threats and factors promoting tensions and conflict.

The analysis presented here seeks to identify those environmental, socio-economic and political issues that are profoundly affecting the livelihoods of the populations and populations and could lead to instability and possibly perturbations.

At the meeting point of the Middle East, Europe, and Asia, the Caspian region includes steppe land in the north, cold, continental deserts and semi-deserts in the northeast and east, and warmer mountain and highland systems in the south and southwest. The coastal wetlands of the Caspian basin include many shallow, saline pools, which attract a variety of bird life and biodiversity; over 400 species are unique to the Caspian. In addition, the sea's native sturgeon is famous the world around for the roe it produces: sturgeon from the Caspian Sea accounts for approximately 90% of the world's caviar industry.

Для Туркменистана опустынивание является одной из серьёзнейших экологических и социально-экономических проблем. Каракумы занимают почти всю равнинную территорию Туркменистана и относятся к песчаным пустыням, образованным отложениями древнего речного стока, которые при нерациональном использовании растительного и почвенного покрова легко подвергаются дефляции. Происходит образование барханных песков, которые наносят большой ущерб населённым пунктам, различным инженерным объектам хозяйственного и социально-культурного назначения. Кинга рассказывает о работе, проделанной в стране по выполнению основных положений Конвенции по борьбе с опустыниванием и поиск эффективных способов устойчивого управления пастбищными угодьями, обеспечивающие непрерывное повышение их продуктивности, сокращение площади деградированных участков и увеличение поголовья скота. Данное издание подготовлено и опубликовано в рамках реализации Проекта Адаптационного фонда (АФ), Программы развития ООН (ПРООН) и Государственного комитета Туркменистана по охране окружающей среды и земельным ресурсам «Реагирование на риски, связанные с изменением климата, на систему фермерского хозяйства в Туркменистане на национальном и местном уровнях».

Map of Population by Number and Cities in the Caspian Sea

Produced by Manana Kurtrubadze for the SOE 2018

Results from 2016 population census in Iran providing details of population and demographics,

Daily extractions of crude oil and gas and transportation of them are the main pollution sources of the Caspian Sea. Many trucks for charring oil from ports along the Caspian Sea are considered as point and nonpoint sources along the seaboard. In addition, many ships, which are navigating in the Sea, are emitting pollution to the Sea. Many cities and industries surround the Caspian Sea. Pollution from these cities and industries enter the Caspian Sea either directly or through rivers. The purpose of this paper is to look at the benefits of environmental management strategies in pollution prevention such as waste minimization and clean technologies. This minimizes the environmental problems due to waste generation and eliminates the cost of treatment and disposal of the waste. The benefits of the environmental management program along the Caspian Sea will ensure the clean water and the better environment of the Sea.